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Antigen retrieval in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues: an enhancement method for immunohistochemical staining based on microwave oven heating of tissue sections

SR Shi, ME Key and KL Kalra

BioGenex Laboratories, San Ramon, California 94583.

We describe a new approach for retrieval of antigens from formalin- fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues and their subsequent staining by immunohistochemical techniques. This method of antigen retrieval is based on microwave heating of tissue sections attached to microscope slides to temperatures up to 100 degrees C in the presence of metal solutions. Among 52 monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies tested by this method, 39 antibodies demonstrated a significant increase in immunostaining, nine antibodies showed no change, and four antibodies showed reduced immunostaining. In particular, excellent immunostaining results were obtained with a monoclonal antibody to vimentin as well as several different keratin antibodies on routine formalin-fixed tissue sections after pre-treatment of the slides with this method. These results showed that after antigen retrieval: (a) enzyme predigestion of tissues could be omitted; (b) incubation times of primary antibodies could be significantly reduced, or dilutions of primary antibodies could be increased; (c) adequate staining could be achieved in long- term formalin-fixed tissues that failed to stain by conventional methods; and (d) certain antibodies which were typically unreactive with formalin-fixed tissues gave excellent staining.

Volume 39, Issue 6, pp. 741-748, 06/01/1991
Copyright © 1991 by The Histochemical Society


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Tranilast Attenuates Structural and Functional Aspects of Renal Injury in the Remnant Kidney Model
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., October 1, 2004; 15(10): 2619 - 2629.
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S. Lam, J. C. leRiche, A. McWilliams, C. MacAulay, Y. Dyachkova, E. Szabo, J. Mayo, R. Schellenberg, A. Coldman, E. Hawk, et al.
A Randomized Phase IIb Trial of Pulmicort Turbuhaler (Budesonide) in People with Dysplasia of the Bronchial Epithelium
Clin. Cancer Res., October 1, 2004; 10(19): 6502 - 6511.
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 Mol Hum ReprodHome page
J. Nordengren, R. Pilka, V. Noskova, A. Ehinger, H. Domanski, C. Andersson, G. Hoyer-Hansen, S.R. Hansson, and B. Casslen
Differential localization and expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor (uPAR), and its inhibitor (PAI-1) mRNA and protein in endometrial tissue during the menstrual cycle
Mol. Hum. Reprod., September 1, 2004; 10(9): 655 - 663.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol Hum ReprodHome page
R. Pilka, H. Domanski, S. Hansson, P. Eriksson, and B. Casslen
Endometrial TIMP-4 mRNA is high at midcycle and in hyperplasia, but down-regulated in malignant tumours. Coordinated expression with MMP-26
Mol. Hum. Reprod., September 1, 2004; 10(9): 641 - 650.
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G. Pinon-Lataillade, C. Masson, J. Bernardino-Sgherri, V. Henriot, P. Mauffrey, Y. Frobert, S. Araneda, and J. F. Angulo
KIN17 encodes an RNA-binding protein and is expressed during mouse spermatogenesis
J. Cell Sci., July 15, 2004; 117(16): 3691 - 3702.
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E. Zudaire, S. J. Simpson, I. Illa, and L. M. Montuenga
Dietary influences over proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in the locust midgut
J. Exp. Biol., June 1, 2004; 207(13): 2255 - 2265.
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 Biol. Reprod.Home page
A. A. Kowalski, D. S. Vale-Cruz, F. A. Simmen, and R. C.M. Simmen
Uterine Androgen Receptors: Roles in Estrogen-Mediated Gene Expressionand DNA Synthesis
Biol Reprod, May 1, 2004; 70(5): 1349 - 1357.
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 Mol Hum ReprodHome page
J. Lee, J. Hong, E. Kim, K. Kim, S. W. Kim, H. Krishnamurthy, S. S.W. Chung, D. J. Wolgemuth, and K. Rhee
Developmental stage-specific expression of Rbm suggests its involvement in early phases of spermatogenesis
Mol. Hum. Reprod., April 1, 2004; 10(4): 259 - 264.
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 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
C. J. Bruns, G. E. Koehl, M. Guba, M. Yezhelyev, M. Steinbauer, H. Seeliger, A. Schwend, A. Hoehn, K.-W. Jauch, and E. K. Geissler
Rapamycin-Induced Endothelial Cell Death and Tumor Vessel Thrombosis Potentiate Cytotoxic Therapy against Pancreatic Cancer
Clin. Cancer Res., March 15, 2004; 10(6): 2109 - 2119.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 BloodHome page
N. S. Haque, J. T. Fallon, J. J. Pan, M. B. Taubman, and P. C. Harpel
Chemokine receptor-8 (CCR8) mediates human vascular smooth muscle cell chemotaxis and metalloproteinase-2 secretion
Blood, February 15, 2004; 103(4): 1296 - 1304.
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 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
R. F. Hwang, K. Yokoi, C. D. Bucana, R. Tsan, J. J. Killion, D. B. Evans, and I. J. Fidler
Inhibition of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Phosphorylation by STI571 (Gleevec) Reduces Growth and Metastasis of Human Pancreatic Carcinoma in an Orthotopic Nude Mouse Model
Clin. Cancer Res., December 15, 2003; 9(17): 6534 - 6544.
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 J. Neurosci.Home page
V. Prevot, A. Cornea, A. Mungenast, G. Smiley, and S. R. Ojeda
Activation of erbB-1 Signaling in Tanycytes of the Median Eminence Stimulates Transforming Growth Factor {beta}1 Release via Prostaglandin E2 Production and Induces Cell Plasticity
J. Neurosci., November 19, 2003; 23(33): 10622 - 10632.
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 Mol Hum ReprodHome page
W.S. Sun, J. Fujimoto, and T. Tamaya
Clinical implications of coexpression of growth arrest-specific gene 6 and receptor tyrosine kinases Axl and Sky in human uterine leiomyoma
Mol. Hum. Reprod., November 1, 2003; 9(11): 701 - 707.
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 Cancer Res.Home page
N. Shinojima, K. Tada, S. Shiraishi, T. Kamiryo, M. Kochi, H. Nakamura, K. Makino, H. Saya, H. Hirano, J.-i. Kuratsu, et al.
Prognostic Value of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme
Cancer Res., October 15, 2003; 63(20): 6962 - 6970.
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 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
H. Hisai, J. Kato, M. Kobune, T. Murakami, K. Miyanishi, M. Takahashi, N. Yoshizaki, R. Takimoto, T. Terui, and Y. Niitsu
Increased Expression of Angiogenin in Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Correlation with Tumor Vascularity
Clin. Cancer Res., October 15, 2003; 9(13): 4852 - 4859.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Toxicol PatholHome page
T. Imazawa, A. Nishikawa, K. Toyoda, F. Furukawa, M. Mitsui, and M. Hirose
Sequential Alteration of Apoptosis, p53 Expression, and Cell Proliferation in the Rat Pancreas Treated with 4-Hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-Oxide
Toxicol Pathol, October 1, 2003; 31(6): 625 - 631.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
N. Alfaidy, W. Li, T. MacIntosh, K. Yang, and J. Challis
Late Gestation Increase in 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 1 Expression in Human Fetal Membranes: A Novel Intrauterine Source of Cortisol
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2003; 88(10): 5033 - 5038.
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 Mol. Pathol.Home page
S-F Chin, Y Daigo, H-E Huang, N G Iyer, G Callagy, T Kranjac, M Gonzalez, T Sangan, H Earl, and C Caldas
A simple and reliable pretreatment protocol facilitates fluorescent in situ hybridisation on tissue microarrays of paraffin wax embedded tumour samples
Mol. Pathol., October 1, 2003; 56(5): 275 - 279.
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 J. Histochem. Cytochem.Home page
I. Iida, K. Johkura, R. Teng, S. Kubota, L. Cui, X. Zhao, N. Ogiwara, Y. Okouchi, K. Asanuma, J. Nakayama, et al.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Activator (HGFA) in Developing Mouse Liver Tissues: Heterogeneous Distribution of HGFA Protein
J. Histochem. Cytochem., September 1, 2003; 51(9): 1139 - 1149.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Histochem. Cytochem.Home page
N. Saito, K. Konishi, H. Takeda, M. Kato, T. Sugiyama, and M. Asaka
Antigen Retrieval Trial for Post-embedding Immunoelectron Microscopy by Heating with Several Unmasking Solutions
J. Histochem. Cytochem., August 1, 2003; 51(8): 989 - 994.
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 J. Histochem. Cytochem.Home page
H. Ino
Antigen Retrieval by Heating En Bloc for Pre-fixed Frozen Material
J. Histochem. Cytochem., August 1, 2003; 51(8): 995 - 1003.
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 Ann OncolHome page
W. S. Sun, J. Fujimoto, and T. Tamaya
Coexpression of growth arrest-specific gene 6 and receptor tyrosine kinases Axl and Sky in human uterine endometrial cancers
Ann. Onc., June 1, 2003; 14(6): 898 - 906.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol Hum ReprodHome page
R. Pilka, C. Whatling, H. Domanski, S. Hansson, P. Eriksson, and B. Casslen
Epithelial expression of matrix metalloproteinase-26 is elevated at mid-cycle in the human endometrium
Mol. Hum. Reprod., May 1, 2003; 9(5): 271 - 277.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
C. C. Solorzano, R. Hwang, C. H. Baker, C. D. Bucana, P. W. Pisters, D. B. Evans, J. J. Killion, and I. J. Fidler
Administration of Optimal Biological Dose and Schedule of Interferon {alpha} Combined with Gemcitabine Induces Apoptosis in Tumor-associated Endothelial Cells and Reduces Growth of Human Pancreatic Carcinoma Implanted Orthotopically in Nude Mice
Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2003; 9(5): 1858 - 1867.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Histochem. Cytochem.Home page
C. Montero
The Antigen-Antibody Reaction in Immunohistochemistry
J. Histochem. Cytochem., January 1, 2003; 51(1): 1 - 4.
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 J. Histochem. Cytochem.Home page
S. H. Kim, Y. K. Shin, K. M. Lee, J. S. Lee, J. H. Yun, and S. M. Lee
An Improved Protocol of Biotinylated Tyramine-based Immunohistochemistry Minimizing Nonspecific Background Staining
J. Histochem. Cytochem., January 1, 2003; 51(1): 129 - 132.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Learn. Mem.Home page
Q. Yuan, C. W. Harley, and J. H. McLean
Mitral Cell beta 1 and 5-HT2A Receptor Colocalization and cAMP Coregulation: A New Model of Norepinephrine-Induced Learning in the Olfactory Bulb
Learn. Mem., January 1, 2003; 10(1): 5 - 15.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Appl. Environ. Microbiol.Home page
A. Pernthaler, J. Pernthaler, M. Schattenhofer, and R. Amann
Identification of DNA-Synthesizing Bacterial Cells in Coastal North Sea Plankton
Appl. Envir. Microbiol., November 1, 2002; 68(11): 5728 - 5736.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Histochem. Cytochem.Home page
K. Maeda, M. Matsuda, H. Suzuki, and H.-a. Saitoh
Immunohistochemical Recognition of Human Follicular Dendritic Cells (FDCs) in Routinely Processed Paraffin Sections
J. Histochem. Cytochem., November 1, 2002; 50(11): 1475 - 1486.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Mol. Diagn.Home page
V. A. Thomazy, R. Luthra, M. O. Uthman, P. J.A. Davies, and L. J. Medeiros
Determination of Cyclin D1 and CD20 mRNA Levels by Real-Time Quantitative RT-PCR from Archival Tissue Sections of Mantle Cell Lymphoma and Other Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas
J. Mol. Diagn., November 1, 2002; 4(4): 201 - 208.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
C. D. Foradori, L. M. Coolen, M. E. Fitzgerald, D. C. Skinner, R. L. Goodman, and M. N. Lehman
Colocalization of Progesterone Receptors in Parvicellular Dynorphin Neurons of the Ovine Preoptic Area and Hypothalamus
Endocrinology, November 1, 2002; 143(11): 4366 - 4374.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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T Ueda, N Araki, M Mano, A Myoui, S Joyama, S Ishiguro, H Yamamura, K Takahashi, I Kudawara, and H Yoshikawa
Frequent expression of smooth muscle markers in malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone
J. Clin. Pathol., November 1, 2002; 55(11): 853 - 858.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
D. Kedar, C. H. Baker, J. J. Killion, C. P. N. Dinney, and I. J. Fidler
Blockade of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Inhibits Angiogenesis Leading to Regression of Human Renal Cell Carcinoma Growing Orthotopically in Nude Mice
Clin. Cancer Res., November 1, 2002; 8(11): 3592 - 3600.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Cancer Res.Home page
S. F. Huang, S.-J. Kim, A. T. Lee, T. Karashima, C. Bucana, D. Kedar, P. Sweeney, B. Mian, D. Fan, D. Shepherd, et al.
Inhibition of Growth and Metastasis of Orthotopic Human Prostate Cancer in Athymic Mice by Combination Therapy with Pegylated Interferon-{alpha}-2b and Docetaxel
Cancer Res., October 15, 2002; 62(20): 5720 - 5726.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
F. Pizzagalli, B. Hagenbuch, B. Stieger, U. Klenk, G. Folkers, and P. J. Meier
Identification of a Novel Human Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide as a High Affinity Thyroxine Transporter
Mol. Endocrinol., October 1, 2002; 16(10): 2283 - 2296.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. E. Damdimopoulos, A. Miranda-Vizuete, M. Pelto-Huikko, J.-A. Gustafsson, and G. Spyrou
Human Mitochondrial Thioredoxin. INVOLVEMENT IN MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL AND CELL DEATH
J. Biol. Chem., August 30, 2002; 277(36): 33249 - 33257.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]



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