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Extracellular Matrix-mediated Tissue Remodeling Following Axial Movement of Teeth

Xianghong Luan, Yoshihiro Ito, Sean Holliday, Cameron Walker, Jon Daniel, Therese M. Galang, Tadayoshi Fukui, Akira Yamane, Ellen Begole, Carla Evans and Thomas G.H. Diekwisch

Department of Oral Biology (XL,YI,SH,CW,JD,TMG,TGHD) and Department of Orthodontics (XL,YI,SH,TMG,EB,CE,TGHD), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry, Chicago, Illinois, and Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan (TF,AY)

Correspondence to: Thomas G.H. Diekwisch, DMD, PhD (sc.), PhD (phil.), Professor and Head, Department of Oral Biology, Allan G. Brodie Sr. Endowed Chair for Orthodontic Research, Professor for Anatomy/Cell Biology, Bioengineering, Orthodontics, Periodontics, Director, Allan G. Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, UIC College of Dentistry, 801 South Paulina, Chicago, IL 60612. E-mail: tomdkw{at}uic.edu

Tooth eruption is a multifactorial process involving movement of existing tissues and formation of new tissues coordinated by a complex set of genetic events. We have used the model of the unopposed rodent molar to study morphological and genetic mechanisms involved in axial movement of teeth. Following extraction of opposing upper molars, lower molars supererupted by 0.13 mm. Labeled tissue sections revealed significant amounts of new bone and cementum apposition at the root apex of the unopposed side following supereruption for 12 days. Newly apposited cementum and alveolar bone layers were approximately 3-fold thicker in the experimental vs the control group, whereas periodontal ligament width was maintained. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining indicated bone resorption at the mesial alveolar walls of unopposed molars and provided in tandem with new bone formation at the distal alveolar walls an explanation for the distal drift of molars in this model. Microarray analysis and semiquantitative RT-PCR demonstrated a significant increase in collagen I, integrin ß5, and SPARC gene expression as revealed by comparison between the unopposed molar group and the control group. Immunohistochemical verification revealed increased levels of integrin ß5 and SPARC labeling in the periodontal ligament of the unopposed molar. Together our findings suggest that posteruptive axial movement of teeth was accomplished by significant formation of new root cementum and alveolar bone at the root apex in tandem with upregulation of collagen I, integrin ß5, and SPARC gene expression. (J Histochem Cytochem 55:127–140, 2007)

Key Words: tooth movement • tooth eruption • bone resorption • matrix remodeling

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